Financial Markets in Times of War
Posted onThe stakes have reached new heights. As Putin puts nuclear-deterrence forces on alert many are hoping the planned talks between Ukraine and Russia yield progress.
In an effort to hamper Putin’s invasion, the U.S. and many European countries have imposed sanctions against Russia. Recent moves directed at Russia’s central bank will dramatically limit the country’s ability to participate in the global financial system.
One key outcome of these measures is that the government will likely struggle to access their foreign exchange reserves. This would further diminish the value of the ruble. In this scenario Russian officials would need to find other ways to support their currency. Those options are limited.
This has left many people wondering what the international financial picture will look like in the coming days.
Reporting from the Financial Times suggests that the fallout might be confined to Russia and that “the direct exposure of western financial institutions to Russia is modest, partly due to sanctions imposed after its 2014 annexation of Crimea, as well as the rise of more investor-friendly economies in Asia.”
The authors explain that only 3.4% of MSCI’s emerging markets equity index is Russian-based. In the meantime, Russian citizens will face considerable difficulties as long lines form at ATMs and more people try to withdraw their funds from banks. This flurry of activity is likely to spur more fear leading to more withdraws. The result would be a run on banks.
While the most severe damage will be felt in Russia, many other countries will suffer to some degree from the recent move to ban Russia from the SWIFT international payments system. This decision will impact trade, given that Russia accounts for 10% of oil and natural gas production.
Other countries are likely to experience slowing growth and a continued rise in inflation. Production supply chains will suffer or in some cases come to a complete stop.
With so many influential factors in play many investors are uncertain about how to proceed through the fog of war. A look into the past might offer some answers.
Data from LPL Research shows that the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by an average of 2% during 16 major events unfolding between 1990 and 2020.
Expanding the timeline offers even more perspective. The average total drawdown of the S&P 500 following 21 major geopolitical events since 1941 was 5%. Some of these events include things like the assassination of President John F Kennedy and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The average amount of time the S&P 500 has needed to recover from those losses is just 45 days.
The road ahead is unclear but US investors should take a moment to remember that dramatic financial market movements are common during periods of upheaval. Fortunately, they are typically also short-lived.
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The Allure of Peace Dollar Collections: History, Key Dates & Design
Posted on — 5 CommentsThe silver Peace Dollar, minted between 1921 and 1935, represents one of the most celebrated and lasting designs in numismatics. Its simple beauty, its connection to the peace that followed World War I and its unique status as our country’s last circulating silver dollar make it a highly sought-after coin series among collectors. While many are familiar with this coin, what is less widely known is how scarce Peace dollars are in high grades.
Peace Dollar History
After World War I ended, numismatic collectors advocated for a coin to celebrate and commemorate the peace after the “war to end all wars.” Farran Zerbe, President of the American Numismatic Association from 1908 to 1910, first proposed the idea of a coin that symbolized America’s role in the peace process.
Peace Dollar Design
A design competition for the new coin was announced. A 34-year old Italian sculptor named Anthony de Francisci won the honor of designing this important coin. De Francisci’s stated goal for this coin was to “capture the spirit of the country—its intellectual speed, vigor, and vitality.”
The Peace dollar obverse reveals a portrait of Miss Liberty facing left, wearing a stunning radiating crown. On top LIBERTY encircles her crown, and IN GOD WE TRUST and the date lie below. The reverse of the silver Peace Dollar features a bald eagle, resting on a rock, clutching an olive branch above the word “PEACE.” Rays of sunlight brighten the background.
De Francisci created two different designs for the coin’s reverse. The key difference? One version featured an eagle breaking a sword while the other was holding the olive branch. Initially, the design featuring the broken sword was considered. After a public outcry voiced concerns this represented defeat, the broken sword was quickly removed from the coin’s design and the more peaceful looking olive branch design was chosen.
Minting Began in 1921
The silver Peace dollar was issued under the terms of the Pittman Act. That act required the U.S. Mint to strike millions of silver dollars, which began in 1921 initially using the Morgan dollar design. Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon approved the Peace dollar in December 1921.
While just over one million 1921 $1 High Relief Peace dollars were minted in Philadelphia, the majority met their fate in the melting pot. The high relief was deemed impractical for coinage and was quickly modified to “low relief” in 1922.
Survival estimates in all grades of the 1921 $1 High Relief Peace total 100,000 with only 5,000 in grades 65 or better.
Today, collectors are attracted to the coin not only for its scarcity in certain grades and dates, but also for the Peace Dollar’s historical significance recognizing America’s role as an international power, while also honoring the sacrifices our citizens made in first World War.
Completing a Set
There are a variety of options for Peace dollar collections including lower-cost sets to an ultra-pedigree collection. It takes 24 different combinations of dates and mint marks to complete a set.
One strategy for completing a Peace Dollar collection is to acquire the first four Philadelphia Mint issues of 1922 through 1925. These dates represent the first four years of issues for the “low relief” version of the Peace Dollar and create an outstanding set of four with consecutive dates.
The first-year 1921 is one of the scarcest Peace dollars in both circulated and mint state condition. This coin is considered a very important one-year-only silver type coin.
If you desire to collect a key date Peace Dollar, consider the 1928 Peace Dollar minted in Philadelphia, which stands as the smallest production year of this coin with only 360,649 struck.
While MS-63 coins are fairly easy to obtain, quality MS-65 and higher grades are quite rare. See an example of a certified MS-66 Peace dollar here.
There are many strategies for collecting Peace dollars. If you’d like more information on a collecting strategy that fits your budget and investing goals, contact a Blanchard portfolio manager for personalized recommendations. Your Blanchard portfolio manager can also help you source certified dates in this series.
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Geo-Political Tensions, Inflation Trigger 2022 Gold Rush
Posted onGold climbed above the $1,900 an ounce level on Monday, hitting a fresh 8-month high. Investors are chasing the gold market higher, yet analysts say it’s not too late to get into this move.
Investors have long turned to gold for protection against inflation, which has erupted to a whopping 40-year high. Yet, gold also acts as a safe-haven asset and offer stability, wealth preservation in times of geopolitical stress. As the Russian-Ukraine military tensions hit a boiling point, investors are seeking safety in gold.
Concerns that an outbreak of war between Russia and Ukraine could send risky assets like stocks tumbling lower has increased demand for gold, which is prized for its stability during times of crisis. If Russia invades Ukraine, crude oil prices are expected to move higher amid Russian supply disruptions adding to current inflation woes.
Investors have rushed firmly into gold in recent weeks buying the late January price dip at $1,792.60 an ounce. Since then? Gold jumped 6.27% higher in less than a month.
Worried you missed the move? Don’t be.
“We never like to be late to the trade, but this might be one of those times when it makes sense to chase it. The precious metal, despite the move, is still trading below its spring 2021 high of $1,909.90 and could be ready to break out,” said a Feb. 19 Barron’s article.
“Investors are looking for a geopolitical hedge,” Matt Miskin, co-chief investment strategist at John Hancock Investment Management told the Wall Street Journal on Feb. 20. “The stars are aligning in essence for a gold breakout.” If the Russian-Ukraine situation worsens, it could be the trigger to push gold to a new all-time record high, Miskin said. Gold scored its all-time high at $2,051.50 in August 2020.
A February BofA Global Research report agrees. “It’s time to buy more gold especially if it breaks 1860/1880 as new all-time highs would follow,” the report said. Gold has already pushed through $1,880 an ounce, recently trading over $1,900. The BofA Global Research report pointed to new all-time highs at $2,175 an ounce.
Gold is indeed on the move and momentum is building fast. While gold is priced and sold in U.S. dollars on the global market, analysts like to compare gold to other currencies to spotlight trends – and the trends there point higher too. Consider this: Gold hit a new all-time high last week, priced in Japanese Yen. Gold also climbed to fresh 52-week highs versus both Euro and Australian Dollar.
It’s not too late to get in on the 2022 Gold Rush, if you act soon.
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Numismatic Boom Cycle Remains Strong in 2022
Posted on — 2 CommentsWhile Bitcoin plunged 48% over the past four months, the numismatic market remains strong at the start of 2022 – extending its incredible run over the past two years.
The start of the current boom in rare coin prices can be traced to the beginning of the pandemic in 2020, which triggered a renewed interest in tangible assets like rare coins. Both the number of sales of rare coins and the prices paid for rarities exploded higher over the past two years industry-wide. At Blanchard, we saw stunning demand from new clients and long-time clients who had been inactive in numismatics for a period of time.
A Return to “Real” Assets
Looking back, the unsettling financial market volatility in 2020 reignited investor interest in real and tangible assets. You may recall, between February 12, and March 23, 2020 the Dow lost a stunning 37% of its value and the crude oil marked tanked – briefly trading below $0/barrel.
The chaos in the financial markets during the pandemic renewed investor appetite for tangible assets like rare coins that you can see, hold, and pass on physically and privately to your heirs. Rare coins and gold hold a distinct advantage over cryptocurrency, and even stocks, in that they have thousands of years of history of preserving wealth. With the stock market at extended highs and showing increased volatility now, many of our clients are taking profits on their stock positions and rolling those funds into their rare coin portfolio.
Rare Coin Prices Climb in an Uptrend
The prices of key rare coins soared 16% versus year-ago levels, according to an industry index created by the Professional Coin Grading Services (PCGS). Perhaps even more impressive, the key rare coin price index shows a 6,315% increase since it was created in 1970, underscoring the wealth appreciation aspect of long-term numismatic investing. As Blanchard’s Sales Manager, Ed Wehrman, says, “have you seen the number of all-time highs in ultra-rarities making the headlines?”
2022 Rare Coin Market Remains Tight
As we enter 2022, demand for rare coins remains extremely high, while supply is the tightest level seen in decades. The pace of rare coin sales is brisk and high-quality rarities move nearly instantly once they become available.
David Zanca, Senior Portfolio Manager at Blanchard, describes current rare coin market conditions: “Prior to the pandemic I would have availability on as many as 500 rare coins. Today, that number is closer to 30 or 40 coins. Recently, we have begun to see more pieces come available. But, every rare coin that we source is either pre-sold or is placed in a matter of minutes of hitting the market.”
“On a recent Friday afternoon six rarities became available, averaging in the neighborhood of $150,000 per piece. Every single piece was placed by noon the next day – Saturday,” Zanca said. At Blanchard, many rare coin investors take a long-term approach, typical across the country today – which is contributing to the tight rare coin supply conditions. “I offered a client nearly $500,000 cash on the spot for a coin that represented a nearly 40% profit and they wouldn’t consider selling,” Zanca said.
Indeed, the demand from well-positioned rare coin investors has been unrelenting, as both high-net worth and mom and pop investors implement a strategic shift from paper assets into hard assets with the focus on preservation of wealth.
Two Hallmark Placements
Despite the tight numismatic market supply, Blanchard has been very successful in unearthing several private holdings. Blanchard’s ability to source and place hallmark coins underscores our on-going commitment to quality and deep roots in the numismatic market nationwide.
Blanchard recently placed two flagship rarities including the 1794 Flowing Hair Dollar and the 1808 $2½ Capped Bust Quarter Eagle. Given the tiny mintage and the concentration of wealth in the United States in that era, these hallmark coins could very well have been owned by one of the American greats of that time.
Numismatists call the 1808 $2.50 Capped Bust a “stopper coin.” (Stoppers are the coins that have historically presented the greatest difficulty in completing a set.) From the day this Quarter Eagle was minted it was a rarity, with only 2,710 coins produced. The vast majority were melted and no longer exist. The few collectors who are fortunate to own this 1808 Quarter Eagle have the most sought-after coin to complete their set, as it can be many years before a coin like this even emerges onto the market for sale.
Another coin Blanchard recently placed: the 1794 Flowing Hair Dollar was the first dollar coin issued by the newly established United States federal government and represents the beginning of the American monetary system. When Blanchard recently placed this coin with a collector they became not only an investor, but a preserver of American history and safe keeper of the beginning of our nation’s monetary system. These legacy investments not only preserve and increase wealth, but also preserve and honor United States history.
Given current market conditions, Ed Wehrman advises, “get started now. Talk with your Blanchard portfolio manager and create an acquisition plan.” Rare coin investors who have a plan in place are well positioned to acquire high quality and tremendous investment pieces.
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The 1954 Franklin Half Dollar
Posted onThe Franklin Half Dollar carries a sense of irony with it. The very person it depicts, Ben Franklin, would have likely objected to the idea of his profile on a piece of currency. He was accustomed to seeing living royalty on coins and he certainly did not see himself as a royal figure.
Moreover, the small image of an eagle on the reverse would have angered him. He saw the eagle as a weak image given their tendency to scavenge. Franklin’s choice for the national bird was a turkey.
The coin was originally conceived in 1947 when Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross requested a design featuring Franklin. Sadly, the designer died that same year leaving the reverse imagery incomplete. Soon after, new chief engraver Gilroy Roberts took over and eventually added the small eagle as an unplanned extra flourish. As it happened, this addition was, in fact, required because the Coinage Act of 1873 mandated that any coin with a value greater than a dime must include the eagle.
The main image on the reverse depicts the Liberty Bell. This aspect of the design worried some at the Commission of Fine Arts who feared the crack might invite comparisons to faults within the nation as a whole. As a result, the Commission disapproved the design. In place of the existing images the Commission suggested hosting a design competition in which submitted works would be reviewed by those in the Commission. This idea was rejected by the Treasury Department. Ultimately, Treasury Secretary John W. Snyder approved the design.
The official release date of the coins was set for April 30th, 1948 to coincide with the anniversary of George Washington’s 1789 inauguration as President. The coin was minted in small quantities in the initial release due to an abundance of Walking Liberty half dollars in circulation.
Today, the coin is a popular entry point for those starting a collection because there are only 35 different dates and mintmarks in the series. As a result, it is relatively inexpensive to collect the entire set.
One particular piece that stands out is the 1955 “Bugs Bunny” minting. The coin earned this name after an obverse die and a reverse die clashed causing the profile of Franklin to appear as though it had buck teeth. The error is small and only visible under close inspection.
Over the years officials made some minor revisions to the design. For example, in 1958 and 1959 the number of long tail feathers on the eagle were changed.
The coin consists of 90% silver, and 10% copper. While many pieces were minted the coin has also been submitted for melting in large quantities due to the value of its silver content. The US Mint issued the coin through 1963.
The Franklin Half Dollar is a reminder that historical figures are sometimes memorialized in ways that are always in line with the preferences of the person being honored. While collectors have long valued the coin and the skill of the designers it is likely that Franklin would have found the entire project ironic.
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The Super Bowl Indicator and Stocks
Posted onAre you making your Super Bowl plans now? While the clock is running down until game time, market historians remind us that the winner of the Super Bowl could offer clues on how the stock market will perform in 2022.
Really?
New York Times sportswriter Leonard Koppett developed the Super Bowl Indicator back in 1978. While at first this was a cheeky little theory, it has surprisingly shown teeth over the past 44 years, with a fairly impressive accuracy rate. What is this rule? Huddle up.
The Super Bowl Indicator states that the Dow Jones Industrial Average will close out the year with a positive return if the team from the National Football Conference (NFC) – or one with original NFC roots – wins the Super Bowl. On the flip side, this indicator warns that the DJIA will record losses at year-end if the American Football Conference (AFC) team wins the big game.
Looking back throughout history, from 1967-2015, the Super Bowl indicator reveals an accuracy rate of 82%. That is, indeed, better than a coin flip.
While this may be a fun statistic, Wall Street experts explain there is no real connection between who wins the Super Bowl and stock market performance.
At the crux of the matter is a simple rule: correlation does not equal causation.
Sorry to disappoint, but the Super Bowl Indicator’s past performance is simply a coincidence. Indeed, if the stock market ends the year with a loss and the Cincinnati Bengals take home the trophy on Sunday, it would be pure coincidence.
For you, as an investor, it is correlation that truly matters. And, in diversification – non-correlated assets – like physical gold – are one way you can protect your blind side.
Gold’s lack of correlation to other assets is one of its strengths in your portfolio. No- or low-correlation means, for example, that when stocks crash, gold typically climbs.
For optimal risk-adjusted performance, the traditional 60% stocks – 40% bond portfolio should be set instead at 60% stocks, 5% bonds and 35% gold, according to GraniteShares’ research. Annualized portfolio returns increased when gold was added to the portfolio.
Last month’s January stock market losses revealed how vulnerable equities are to getting sacked.
It may be time to bolster your defensive package. It’s still the first down of the year when it comes to your portfolio. There’s still time to round out your bench with diversification that is statistically significant – like increasing your allocation to physical gold.
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An Important Investing Quote for These Turbulent Times
Posted onInflation at 39-year highs. Stocks in correction territory. Fears about Russian military action into Ukraine. Federal Reserve rate hikes. Pick your poison. Financial markets are unraveling fast and there is panic and fear running wild on Wall Street.
After three years of S&P 500 gains in the 18-31% area (historically abnormal, by the way), the stock market is returning to reality. The worst performing stocks in 2022 are already down almost 90%. Here’s a list.
TDH Holdings -89.42%
Astro Aerospace -88.89%
Aligos Therapeutics -76.15%
Vantage Health -63.41%
Gex Management -63.33%
The tech-heavy NASDAQ composite index shed an incredible 13.5% as of late January – and the month isn’t even over yet. The S&P 500 has traded as much as down 10% for the year.
The consensus on Wall Street is that stock market losses will likely get worse before they get better – with overall S&P 500 declines stretching as much as down 20%. Are you ready for what lies ahead?
That brings us to an important quote for our times. As the famous investor Peter Lynch said: “Know what you own, and why you own it.”
One of the essential principals of successful investing is diversification – across non-correlated assets. Gold is a non-correlated asset to the equity markets, which is the key characteristic that makes it so valuable to investors looking to diversify their portfolios and protect their wealth.
Demand for gold already picked up this week as fears over military conflict between Russia and Ukraine flared. Historically, investors flock to gold during geopolitical conflict as the yellow metal performs as a safe-haven investment and holds its value when other asset classes fall.
With inflation running near 40-year highs at 7%, the value of gold is easy to see. Over the last 50 years gold has provided an average annual real return of 12.7% when US CPI exceeded 5%, compared to negative returns on average for both US equities and bonds, according to State Street Global Advisors.
Indeed, a January 25 Wall Street Journal article stated: “One asset holding up through the early 2022 market turmoil: gold. Rising geopolitical tensions in Europe and a slide in major U.S. stock indexes has sent investors rushing into the haven metal.”
Experts agree. The historic low liquidity period is ending. The Federal Reserve is going to pull back on some of its easy monetary policies that have supported the stock market’s recent rise. As the Fed pulls the easy money rug away and the stock market crumbles further in the face of raging inflation, investors who own gold will sleep better at night knowing that a portion of their wealth isn’t simply disappearing as equity prices collapse.
What do you own now in your portfolio? And, as legendary investor Peter Lynch said, do you know why you own it?
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Bracing For Impact: What’s Next for Investors
Posted onInvestors are being tested. Equities are down significantly for the year and 2022 has only just begun. High-risk speculative assets like crypto have performed even worse.
Meanwhile, inflation threatens “side line” money that investors are holding, as they wait to see how far the market will drop. As interest rate hikes loom there seem to be fewer places to invest. For most the goal has shifted from earning a decent return to merely preserving capital or minimizing losses. This chilly start to the year has many investors worried about what they’re in for over the next 11 months. Many are asking if gold can counterbalance some of the new risk that has crept into so many portfolios?
An analysis from the World Gold Council offers some answers.
Their research concluded that “adding between 4% and 15% in gold to hypothetical average portfolios over the past decade, depending on the composition and the region, would have increased risk-adjusted returns.”
The same report shows how many structural changes have buoyed the performance of gold in recent decades. For example, emerging market growth – like that seen in India and China – have broadened the group of people able to buy gold. Additionally, an increase in central bank demand has boosted gold’s performance as more nations rely on the metal in their reserves. Finally, the global financial crisis has alerted more investors to the importance of gold as a strategic asset to offset risk.
These benefits might lead one to ask why gold has not become a mainstay in retail investor portfolios. The answer might be the mania surrounding equities in recent years.
In 2015, 2017, 2019, and 2020 large cap growth stocks were the highest performing asset class. This pattern has attracted millions of investors. The problem: the music has stopped.
While 2022 is still young it seems unlikely that the high performance of growth will continue. Valuations remain high. Meeting those expectations will require even greater profits amid a backdrop of supply chain challenges.
Simultaneously, the fervor around tech stocks has fallen as recent earnings reports have disappointed. This underperformance has prompted concern because so much of the growth propelling indexes like the S&P 500 is supported by a few tech heavyweights. The five highest performing stocks have massively outpaced all others in the index. Those top five have returned 25.6% annualized over the past five years. In comparison the other 495 stocks have delivered an annualized 6.5% return over the same period. Most of these five stocks are found within the FAANG group consisting of Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google.
Gold offers an degree of diversification that is disappearing from indexes. Consider that over the last half century “the price of gold in US dollars has increased by an average of nearly 11% per year since 1971,” according to the same body of research from the World Gold Council. Over the last five years gold has outperformed commodities, cash, US bonds, hedge funds, and global bonds.
Early signs of the year ahead has given investors reason to rethink their strategy and consider gold.
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Man vs Machine: Investing in Today’s World
Posted onInvestors increasingly face an unseen opponent: technology. Often investors believe that technology empowers them. It enables mobile trading. It delivers endless data. What few realize is that technology works against them in many ways.
Consider that high-frequency trading (HFT) accounts for 70 percent of all equities trading, and that, “fundamental discretionary traders” – people who log in and make a trade like an ordinary human – only account for about 10 percent of all trades according to research from JPMorgan. Market movements have more to do with machines than man.
It’s not surprising to hear the global head of quantitative and derivatives research at JPMorgan warn that, “big data strategies are increasingly challenging traditional fundamental investing and will be a catalyst for changes in the years to come.”
This aspect of equity investing means that an investor’s success is less dependent on their strategy or the intrinsic value of the companies they hold. Instead, the value of their equity portfolio – especially those with short time horizons – are influenced, in part, by HFT activity.
This begs the question; how do investors regain control over their investment performance? For many the answer is gold, and research explains why.
Researcher Joerg Picard wanted to understand how trading influences the value of gold. He reviewed market data and learned that ETF gold trades, which can be traded as easily as HFT equities, “do not contribute much to price discovery.” This conclusion should be reassuring to investors seeking a strategy that is not at the whim of algorithmic trading.
This benefit is especially important in a setting where other influences threaten investment. Inflation is one such threat to the spending power of capital gains. The executive director of precious metals research at Standard Chartered Bank explains that “Various studies have shown us that if gold is held for 12 to 18 months before inflation takes higher and then it’s held for an additional 12 to 18 months while inflation moves higher, it can be a good inflation hedge.”
This assessment underscores an important characteristic of gold; it often serves as a stabilizing force in a portfolio. More investors are seeking this kind of assurance as more uncertainty creeps into the markets. Inflation fears are persistent, and at the same time COVID continues to take its toll on the global supply chain, and geopolitical tensions are on the rise as Putin threatens to make aggressive moves against Ukraine. These reasons might explain why so many analysts are forecasting tepid equity gains for 2022.
Investors have an opportunity to regain control of their portfolio as the pervasiveness of HFT continues to exact influence over the market. As competing investment managers develop more technology in the arms race for a higher return ordinary retail investors face growing challenges. Consider including gold into your asset allocation plan.
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How the Shield Nickel Rebuilt U.S. Currency
Posted onThe chaos of the Civil War decimated U.S. currency. As a result, many people resorted to merchant tokens, encased stamps, and fractional currency. When the war ended, officials faced the daunting task of reissuing coinage.
By 1864, Congress authorized the minting of a five-cent coin. It was not long after that things started to go wrong. It was decided that the coin would bear the image of “Clark.” By this officials meant the iconic explorer William Clark. However, officials later saw that this plan was misunderstood and that the design featured Spencer M. Clark who was then the head of the Currency Bureau.
This mistake, while funny, caused an uproar. The response to the error was swift. Congress immediately passed a law which forbade the issuance of any coin with the image of any living person.
Meanwhile, industrialist Joseph Wharton was continuing to exert his influence on Congress. Wharton was close to having a monopoly on the mining of nickel in the US. Therefore, he saw an opportunity to advocate for coins consisting of the metal. To accomplish this, he leveraged his connection to officials in Congress. By May of 1866, a bill passed which provided for a five cent coin consisting of 75% copper, and 25% nickel.
The work of designing the piece was handed to Mint’s chief engraver, James B. Longacre. In the interest of meeting a looming deadline, Longacre borrowed elements from the two-cent coin he designed. He took the shield appearing on the two-cent piece and applied it to the five-cent coin. This shield provided the coin with a bold look signifying defense and strength in the unity of a recently divided nation.
The top portion of the shield represents Congress, while the 13 vertical stripes represent the states. The crossed arrows at the bottom of the shield symbolize non-aggression with a willingness to attack if provoked.
Despite the dramatic look of the pieces, the design received widespread criticism. Many felt that the shield had the feel of a tombstone rather than a symbol of self reliance. Moreover, some of the design elements caused production problems. The dies used to mint the pieces had short life spans due to the hardness of the planchet. By 1867, officials had simplified the piece by removing the rays surrounding the “5” on the reverse.
By 1869 production of the coins dropped due to enough reaching circulation. In time they became known simply as “nickels.”
Many varieties of the coin remain today because the dies had to be replaced so often. Mint officials built these replacement dies fast, often leading to inconsistencies. The 1868 coin, in particular, has many errors. There are more than sixty different double die varieties caused by misalignment. Additionally, the 1873 piece has a variety known as the “closed 3” piece because the 3 in 1873 occasionally resembles an 8.
In 1883/2, the final year of production, some coins received a double date in error. As a result there was a 2 under the 3 in the date of some coins. This was due to the Mint’s decision to reuse the 1882 die and simply adjust the last number.
Despite the rocky history of the shield nickel this coin is the reason we refer to five-cents as nickels. The piece is a reminder that the work of rebuilding a nation touches on every conceivable aspect of life.
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